What is the main conflict in "Lord of the Flies" by William Golding?

The central conflict in "Lord of the Flies" revolves around the struggle between civilization and savagery. Throughout the novel, the boys on the island represent the tension between the instinctual drive for order and the descent into primal chaos. As societal structures break down, the characters experience an internal and external conflict that showcases how easily civilization can slip into barbarism when the restraints of societal norms are removed. This struggle manifests in various ways, such as the contrasting leadership styles of Ralph, who embodies democratic order and civilization, and Jack, who represents savagery and the allure of power.

In contrast, the other options highlight important themes that are present in the novel but do not encompass the primary conflict. The battle between youth and authority can be seen in the rebels against Ralph's leadership, while the quest for identity among adolescents is significant, particularly as the boys confront who they are without the external social structures. The nature versus nurture debate can also be explored through the characters’ development, but it is best viewed through the lens of civilization and savagery as it shows how societal influences shape human behavior. Therefore, the struggle between civilization and savagery is indeed the overarching theme that drives the narrative of "Lord of the Flies."