Who is the protagonist in Thomas Hardy’s novel "Tess of the d'Urbervilles"?

Tess Durbeyfield is the protagonist of Thomas Hardy’s novel "Tess of the d'Urbervilles." Her character represents a blend of innocence and the harsh realities of society, particularly regarding gender and social class in Victorian England. As the central character, Tess's experiences, struggles, and development throughout the novel illuminate the themes of fate, victimization, and the complexities of moral judgment that Hardy seeks to explore.

Through Tess's journey, the narrative delves into her relationships with other characters, especially Angel Clare and Alec d'Urberville, which further emphasize her tragic plight and the societal constraints that shape her life decisions. Tess's character embodies the novel's critical examination of the brutality of social and moral codes imposed on women during that era. The depth of her suffering and resilience casts her as the driving force of the story, making her the definitive protagonist.

The other characters, while significant to the plot, serve primarily as catalysts for Tess's journey rather than as central figures in their own right. They highlight various aspects of society and its impact on Tess's life, but it is Tess's story that unfolds at the heart of the novel.